14 days: a timeline article
WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 24. Haveri, A. et al. Other variants of concern, especially the South African-origin variant B.1.351, which also carries a mutation at position 501 in the RBD (and other mutations at positions 417 and 484), is now shown to reduce the neutralization capacity and efficacy of certain vaccines139,140. Later the Babylonians, Jews, and Greeks counted a day from sunset to sunset, whereas the day was said to begin at dawn for the Hindus and Egyptians and at midnight for the Romans. - Starting Friday, the country will impose self-quarantine measures for 14 days on everyone entering, as well as citizens and residents. 11 a.m.: The National Hurricane Center issues its last advisory on the storm that once was Hurricane Katrina. Extrafollicular B cell responses correlate with neutralizing antibodies and morbidity in COVID-19. c | In those individuals who are either genetically or serologically deficient in type I interferon, the replication of SARS-CoV-2 occurs unopposed, causing severe to life-threatening COVID-19. Dis. Pfizer & BioNTech. Cell 183, 982995.e914 (2020). You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa1275 (2020). Brief essay to summarize your findings about hurricane forecasting and advance warning systems for hurricanes Step 1: Prepare for the project. These lists should be developmentally appropriate for each grade but can become increasingly complex through the grades. Nat. Letko, M., Marzi, A. Multisystem inflammatory syndrome related to COVID-19 in previously healthy children and adolescents in New York City. We apologize to all colleagues whose work we could not discuss owing to space constraints. The first 12 months of COVID-19: a timeline of immunological insights, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41577-021-00522-1. Safety and efficacy of an rAd26 and rAd5 vector-based heterologous prime-boost COVID-19 vaccine: an interim analysis of a randomised controlled phase 3 trial in Russia. 2) How would you prepare propanoic acid from prop-1-ene? The storm is about 15 miles (25 kilometers) east of Fort Lauderdale, Florida, and about to make landfall. The advisory notes that the season's 12th tropical depression has formed over the Bahamas. Med. ), Handbook of research on social studies teaching and learning (pp. Lancet Resp. Laing, A. G. et al. Preprint at medRxiv https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.10.21.20216192 (2020). Furthermore, a multi-centre, open-label trial of convalescent plasma in India failed to show any benefits in terms of clinical improvement or 28-day mortality when compared with standard of care in a study of 464 patients with moderate COVID-19 disease. Masterman, E., & Rogers, Y. Impaired type I interferon activity and inflammatory responses in severe COVID-19 patients. The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 (IBC, 2016) provides for a time-bound process to resolve insolvency of the corporate debtor within a period of 180 days and one time extension of 90 days from date of the order passed by the Honble National Company Law In 9 studies, the mean was ranging from 3.9 to 8.98 days. Exp. (2003). Immunity 53, 98105.e5 (2020). Borba, M. G. S. et al. Read and discuss a book with students, leading into the activity of constructing a timeline with events from each of their own lives using a reader response prompt such as "Think about the important events in your life over the years, and you can each make a timeline.". WILL GIVE BRAINLIEST BMJ 370, m2516 (2020). If you need more information on it, refer to the articles about project timeline and timeline makers. Dr Michael Mina, a former assistant professor at Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health and now CSO of eMed, noted that some people stay infectious for 12 days. By the end of February 2020, COVID-19 had already registered 83,652 cases globally16, roughly 10 times the global case count of the entire 20022003 SARS outbreak. Although multiple compassionate use, observational and retrospective studies reported beneficial effects of tocilizumab in patients with COVID-19, randomized controlled trials have not shown major effects on survival43. Evidence supporting a zoonotic origin of human coronavirus strain NL63. CDC Updates Timeline for COVID-19 Quarantines The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has updated guidance for how long employees should be quarantined at home after testing positive. J. Virol. Liu, L. et al. Stadlbauer, D. et al. Journalism strengthens democracy. Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. Nat. 100, 163188 (2018). Libster, R. et al. Convalescent plasma, which was one of the first medications to be used for compassionate treatment of patients, received an emergency use authorization from the FDA on 23 August 2020. Unfortunately, the FDA guidelines for allowing commercial tests to be marketed in the USA were initially very flexible, with a similarly wide use of commercial tests in many countries around the world28, leading to a flood of underperforming assays and confusion over seroprevalence estimates. In __________, I was one year old and I __________. Poston, D. et al. Long, Q.-X. cavalier king charles spaniel washington club. 3 p.m.: The center of the hurricane is about 20. Most people who develop COVID-19 start noticing symptoms within 2 to 14 days after being exposed to the coronavirus. Dexamethasone in hospitalized Patients with Covid-19 preliminary report. A mans world? Moderna https://investors.modernatx.com/news-releases/news-release-details/modernas-covid-19-vaccine-candidate-meets-its-primary-efficacy (2020). The efficacy of most therapies for COVID-19 has been shown to vary greatly across disease stages. This may occur in young people or after low-dose viral exposure. JAMA 323, 20892090 (2020). Barton, K. C. (2008). declares no competing interests. Logunov, D. Y. et al. The word is derived from the Latin calendarium, meaning "interest register" or "account book," itself a derivation from . In L. S. Levstik & C. A. Tyson (Eds. Akiko Iwasaki. By contrast, none of the 663 patients with asymptomatic or mild COVID-19 and only 4 of the 1,227 (0.3%) healthy donors had auto-antibodies to type I interferon. CAS Cell 183, 968981.e967 (2020). Assessment of SARS-CoV-2 serological tests for the diagnosis of COVID-19 through the evaluation of three immunoassays: Two automated immunoassays (Euroimmun and Abbott) and one rapid lateral flow immunoassay (NG Biotech). Provide equations/ N. Engl. Galani, I.-E. et al. NL63-like and 229E-like viruses have been found in bats162,163,164 and viruses related to HKU1 have been found in rats165. Novavax. Andersen, J. P., Nielsen, M. W., Simone, N. L., Lewiss, R. E. & Jagsi, R. COVID-19 medical papers have fewer women first authors than expected. The SARS-CoV outbreak in 20022003 that spread to 29 countries was controlled with less than 9,000 cases and approximately 800 deaths worldwide. This and other studies over the next couple of months66,67,68,69,70 showed that the magnitude of T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 in unexposed individuals was in general lower than in those individuals who were exposed to the virus. The authors predicted that this lack of interferon responses would enable sustained viral replication and lead to serious SARS-CoV-2 infection. In addition, neutrophil infiltration and neutrophil extracellular traps were found inside the micro-vessels of autopsy samples from patients with COVID-19. me. Post-infectious inflammatory disease in MIS-C features elevated cytotoxicity signatures and autoreactivity that correlates with severity. "Significant storm surge flooding will occur elsewhere along the central and northeastern Gulf of Mexico coast.". Curr. contracts here. Science 369, 806 (2020). Eco-friendly burial alternatives, explained. J. Clin. The CDC counts over 81,000 cases and 1,000 . These changes are intended to be stylistic only. In L. S. Levstik & C. A. Tyson (Eds. 79, 15951604 (2005). Cross-neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 by a human monoclonal SARS-CoV antibody. Champalimaud Center for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal, Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA, Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA, Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA, You can also search for this author in Cell 183, 158168.e14 (2020). These are historical moments for science and immunology. Iwasaki, A. Intern. PubMedGoogle Scholar. 15, 13771384 (2009). The book introduces the concepts of time and distance and describes 16 children living in different eras of the past, from ancient Egypt in 1200 B.C. CAS Then came us. 26, 16361643 (2020). In May 2020, Chandrashekar et al.63 showed that previous infection with SARS-CoV-2 protected rhesus macaques challenged 35 days after the initial infection. J. Neurologic manifestations of hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan, China. Analysis of the B cells specific for SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in a single patient 21 days after the onset of clinical disease found only a small number of somatic mutations, even though the patient had high serum titres of anti-spike antibodies100. Thus, despite the number of neutralizing epitopes, the fact that affinity-matured antibody clonotypes have been shown to be able to cope with variant viruses141 and that it is likely that only low antibody titres are needed for protection from disease142,143,144, some viral variants of concern are potentially rendering the vaccine candidates less effective in controlling infection and disease. Contact the local historical society for resources. offered evidence that it is possible for symptoms to appear once patients have left a 14 day period of quarantine or active monitoring; the authors suggest that To keep your body constantly adapting and prevent plateaus, it's important to vary your workout Key Points. Nature 586, 516527 (2020). He's also worried that many new residents of Biloxi have no idea what they may soon be facing. Longitudinal isolation of potent near-germline SARS-CoV-2-neutralizing antibodies from COVID-19 patients. Repurposed antiviral drugs for Covid-19 interim WHO Solidarity Trial results. The disease has been renamed several times during 2020 to now be called multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C). Preprint at medRxiv https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.21.21249176 (2021). Beigel, J. H. et al. Photo by Chris Welch / The Verge. Kaneko et al.112 attributed the germinal centre defect to impaired differentiation of BCL-6+ T follicular helper (TFH) cells, which were also greatly reduced in number, although other studies have not replicated any reduction in TFH cells or germinal centre responses in patients with severe COVID-19. Why wetlands are so critical for life on Earth, Rest in compost? 14 days: a timeline article. SARS-CoV-2-reactive T cells in healthy donors and patients with COVID-19. Watch one-on-one reading support in action with K-3 students, FAQs 14 days: a timeline articlegiannis antetokounmpo fan mail address 14 days: a timeline article. If there is a total of less than 50 new cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 residents over 14 days, After working without a contract in his final weeks with AEW, Rhodes announced on Twitter that he would be leaving AEW. JAMA Netw. Novavax COVID-19 vaccine demonstrates 89.3% efficacy in UK phase 3 trial. Analysis of a SARS-CoV-2-infected individual reveals development of potent neutralizing antibodies with limited somatic mutation. 14 days: a timeline articlenrl bulldogs news and rumours. 7 p.m.: The eye of Hurricane Katrina comes ashore between North Miami Beach and Hallandale Beach on Florida's southeastern coast. B. et al. During the day: A convoy of U.S. National Guard troops and supply trucks arrives in New Orleans and distributes food and water to residents stranded at the Superdome and convention center. Late Sunday night: Thousands of New Orleans residents who are unable to leave town or have chosen not to leave seek shelter in the Louisiana Superdome. Haas (2000) explained how to do this with the book A Street Through Time (Steele, 2004), using timelines and other powerful instructional strategies for social studies. 11 p.m.: The National Hurricane Center predicts that Katrina will become a major hurricane by the time it reaches the central Gulf of Mexico. N. Engl. 383, 18131826 (2020). Literature Based Teaching in the Content Areas. PubMed Additional data, partially already suggesting that the virus could be neutralized by convalescent sera, were published shortly thereafter in March 2020 (refs17,18,19,20,21). Addetia, A. et al. Rev. Although no major safety issues were detected during phase III trials, anaphylactic reactions were observed during rollout for both the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines, first in the UK and later in other countries. Learn about key dates and events from 1933-45 as Nazi antisemitic policies became more radical. Chan, J. F.-W. et al. 27, 215227 (2020). 1014 days . Google Scholar. N. Engl. A score of 0 represents an unreliable app that is likely hampering end-user productivity. This was followed by an announcement from Moderna on 16 November 2020 stating a 94.5% efficacy for their mRNA vaccine candidate mRNA-1273 (ref.150). Kohmer, N., Westhaus, S., Rhl, C., Ciesek, S. & Rabenau, H. F. Brief clinical evaluation of six high-throughput SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody assays. Amanat, F. & Krammer, F. SARS-CoV-2 vaccines: status report. Zuniga, M. et al. COVID-19 has had a devastating economic impact. 13 August 1940: Eagle Day. The new year once started in Marchhere's why, Jimmy Carter on the greatest challenges of the 21st century, This ancient Greek warship ruled the Mediterranean, How cosmic rays helped find a tunnel in Egypt's Great Pyramid, Who first rode horses? Diagnosis, treatment, and long-term management of Kawasaki disease: a scientific statement for health professionals from the American Heart Association. Nagin says there's no food for those who took shelter at the Louisiana Superdome and New Orleans convention center. Policing the Police. The Guantanamo Files. It was proposed that these pre-existing T cells may have been generated in response to seasonal human coronaviruses (HCoVs). Barton, K. C., & Levstik, L. S. (1998). Lancet 395, 16071608 (2020). October 12, 2021: Gabby Petito strangled to death, coroner says. Maude, S. L. et al. Collectively, these studies show the devastating consequences of lack of type I interferons in COVID-19. This is followed by normal-level T cell and B cell responses. gw. This pandemic has been speculated to be caused by an influenza A virus. Shen, C. et al. These results suggest pathological roles of delayed and prolonged type I and type III interferon responses in COVID-19. Safety and efficacy of inhaled nebulised interferon beta-1a (SNG001) for treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial. Depicting temporal relations. 93, 100607 (2020). The first 12 months of COVID-19: a timeline of immunological insights. While chemotherapy directly targets cancer cells, it also affects other normal rapidly dividing cells in the process. Infect. It begins with a double page spread showing each child standing where they lived on a world map. Johnson & Johnson announces single-shot Janssen COVID-19 vaccine candidate met primary endpoints in interim analysis of its phase 3 ENSEMBLE trial. However, women and under-represented scientists were also disproportionately impacted by the pandemic (Box2), setting the clock back on the progress made over the years on equity in science. These similarities between COVID-19 and both HLH and CRS made the IL-6 pathway an early target of both compassionate use therapeutic interventions and clinical trials in COVID-19, largely based on the success of monoclonal antibodies that target the IL-6 receptor (such as tocilizumab) in treating chimeric antigen receptor T cell-induced CRS in oncology41. Authentic assessment of timelines could include a guideline for the elements expected in each timeline, which could also serve as a self-editing checklist for students as they produce the timeline. It is well known that, for most RNA viruses, escape mutants can be relatively quickly selected under pressure from a single monoclonal antibody but that using two monoclonal antibodies avoids this issue. N. Engl. Anderson, E. M. et al. 173, 268277 (2020). Pfefferle, S. et al. Primary exposure to SARS-CoV-2 protects against reinfection in rhesus macaques. Multiscale PHATE exploration of SARS-CoV-2 data reveals multimodal signatures of disease. Clin. Unfortunately, not all of these trials showed significant benefit in reducing disease severity, duration of hospitalization or death rate. Lisboa Bastos, M. et al. Thevarajan, I. et al. Funding for FRONTLINE is provided by the Park Foundation and through the. Riphagen, S., Gomez, X., Gonzalez-Martinez, C., Wilkinson, N. & Theocharis, P. Hyperinflammatory shock in children during COVID-19 pandemic. hunter: the reckoning wayward edges eagle shield reviews 14 days: a timeline article. Interleukin-6 receptor antagonists in critically ill patients with Covid-19 preliminary report. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. How did this mountain lion reach an uninhabited island? How to Serve a Tenant. Click anywhere in the Pivot table and go to the Insert tab. In early November 2020, an outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 in Danish mink farms with spill-over back into humans was reported137. If they use the vertical format, personal events could be on one side, world events on the other. Heart Lung Transpl. Vaccination with bacillus CalmetteGurin (BCG), a live attenuated vaccine against tuberculosis, reduces childhood mortality caused not only by tuberculosis but also owing to unrelated infections. & Haghbayan, H. Interleukin-6 in Covid-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 14 days: a timeline article June 24, 2022 Cody Rhodes Shockingly Leaves AEW on February 15, 2022. Cheung, E. W. et al. Immunity 53, 12811295.e5 (2020). Thus, by February 2020, less than 2 months after the first reports, the new disease had been named COVID-19 and three key features had been established that set it apart from the previous coronavirus outbreaks: an efficient person-to-person transmission; the strong signs that people could transmit the virus before, or even without ever, showing symptoms; and its longer incubation period of 5.7 days (pooled mean)13 than that of SARSCoV (mean incubation time of 4.0 days)14 and MERSCoV (range of incubation times from 4.5 to 5.2 days)15. We have a great free tool to create interactive geolocated timelines on myhistro.com I wrote about their use in the classroom here: http://www.myhistro.com/blog/interactive-timelines-for-teachers-and-stud but all that has been said in this article applies to them too. At the beginning of the month, Pfizer and BioNTech had also announced via press release that they were launching human phase I/II trials of four RNA-based COVID-19 vaccines61. However, this leads to reduced antigen load and reduced adaptive immune responses. Which travel companies promote harmful wildlife activities? While we were learning about the immunopathogenesis of severe COVID-19 over the summer months, the innate immune responses that protect against disease remained unclear. There are many lessons to be learned from this pandemic, which will hopefully prepare us better for future pandemics. Clin. Highly heterogeneous immunotypes were found in patients with COVID-19. Tang, W. et al. Immunologists and virologists who were previously working on basic science have reached out and collaborated with physicians, nurses, epidemiologists, biostatisticians and computer scientists. Submitted by Anonymous (not verified) on August 9, 2012 - 7:28am. 384, 497511 (2021). 26, 10371040 (2020). Broggi, A. et al. 44, 152161 (1994). Brouwer, P. J. M. et al. By contrast, Juno et al.114 had previously reported robust levels of circulating TFH cells that recognize SARS-CoV-2 spike protein but much lower levels of circulating TFH cells recognizing the RBD. Clinical and immunological features of severe and moderate coronavirus disease 2019. Virological assessment of hospitalized patients with COVID-2019. Given that there are more than 30,000 papers on COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2, the authors apologize to those whose work is not cited. eLife 9, e61312 (2020). 400-410). Tips from experts on how to help your children with reading and writing at home. However, these antibodies were not associated with protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection or hospitalization74. How To Loosen Drum Brake Adjuster, Med. Zhu, N. et al. Loss of Bcl-6-expressing T follicular helper cells and germinal centers in COVID-19. Students in Grades 1 and 2 could create a vertical timeline of their life, using the template provided, with the correct number of years for the grade, typically six years for Grade 1 and seven years for Grade 2. 383, 20412052 (2020). Lau, S. K. P. et al. The global response to the COVID-19 pandemic: how have immunology societies contributed? 384, 533540 (2021). Nat. Dozens of carefully selected booklists, for kids 0-12 years old, Nonfiction for Kids In only a few hours, the storm's strongest winds have increased to about a hundred miles an hour (160 kilometers an hour). T cell lymphopenia is observed. Cavalcanti, A. Next came the cave men. For example, a study that looked at submitted manuscripts for all Elsevier journals between February and May of 2020 compared with between February and May of 2018 and 2019, including data on ~6 million academics, showed that women submitted proportionally fewer manuscripts than men during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) lockdown. Li, W. et al. 1 p.m.: Hurricane Katrina continues to weaken as it moves farther inland. 58, e02107-20 (2020). Science 369, 1014 (2020). Highlighting critical points in time. Baden, L. R. et al. 1), noting however that the peer-reviewed publication details are given in the reference list. Furthermore, an increased level of IFN is a biomarker for mortality109. Pfizer & BioNTech. WHO Solidarity Trial Consortium, et al. PubMed Central The role of the immune system not only in host protection but also in the pathogenesis of severe COVID-19 was highlighted by similarities with the systemic inflammatory syndromes of haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) and cytokine release syndrome (CRS)38,39. Reuters https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-china-vaccine/cansinos-covid-19-vaccine-candidate-approved-for-military-use-in-china-idUSKBN2400DZ (2020). Wassie, G., Azene, A., Bantie, G., Dessie, G. & Aragaw, A. Incubation period of severe acute respiratory syndrome novel coronavirus 2 that causes coronavirus disease 2019: a systematic review and meta-analysis. (2002). Cell Rep. 33, 108234 (2020). 382, 11991207 (2020). Until May 2020, children infected with SARS-CoV-2 were thought to have only mild or asymptomatic infections. Jskelinen, A. J. et al. Lancet 395, 16951704 (2020). However, an open-label, RCT of convalescent plasma in 103 patients with severe or life-threatening COVID-19 failed to show significant benefits, as reported in June 2020 (ref.117). "Walking backwards into tomorrow": Historical consciousness and understanding of history. Preliminary genomic characterisation of an emergent SARS-CoV-2 lineage in the UK defined by a novel set of spike mutations. Staniscuaski, F. et al. But just because your house stood up during Camille don't mean it'll stand up to this hurricane.". What reinfections mean for COVID-19. Downey, M. T., & Levstik, L. S. (2008). Although interferons are highly potent at blocking SARS-CoV-2 replication, SARS-CoV-2 has an arsenal of evasion mechanisms to block the induction of endogenous interferons and interferon receptor signalling129,130. 1) How would you prepare ethoxyethane from ethene? A.I. Biological and genetic characterization of a hemagglutinating coronavirus isolated from a diarrhoeic child. Despite this, strong antibody responses are induced. EBioMed. They came at the same time. DNA vaccine protection against SARS-CoV-2 in rhesus macaques. Park, J.-E., Jung, S., Kim, A. If you plan to road trip through Iceland, spending less than a week would really 11 a.m.: The storm has strengthened, become more organized, and been given a name. volume21,pages 245256 (2021)Cite this article. These skeletons may have the answer, Scientists are making advancements in birth controlfor men, Blood cleaning? Complete genomic sequence of human coronavirus OC43: molecular clock analysis suggests a relatively recent zoonotic coronavirus transmission event. Safety and efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 vaccine. Performance of six SARS-CoV-2 immunoassays in comparison with microneutralisation. 27, 547551 (2021). Yu, J. et al. Heres the timeline of events so far. Polack, F. P. et al. J. Med. and JavaScript. Lines and paragraphs break automatically. 5, 15981607 (2020). Horses in isolation, pre-isolation, and quarantine remained stable. The storm has maximum winds of about 35 miles an hour (55 kilometers an hour), and its center is dumping heavy rainfall on Tennessee. Deng et al.64 showed that rhesus macaques were completely protected from SARS-CoV-2 rechallenge 28 days after primary infection. Then the life of each child is described in chronological order, with a timeline of the period in which they lived. Another important point that came to light in both the Pfizer and Moderna studies is that the vaccines start to offer protection approximately 10 days after the first vaccination, when neutralizing antibody titres are still low or even undetectable in many recipients142, suggesting that high antibody titres might not be needed for protection from disease. Giacomelli, A. et al. Google Scholar. In addition, later studies showed that there was increased expression of the gene encoding bradykinin (an inflammatory vasodilator) by cells in BALF. Switch things up after six to 12 weeks. Since the initial reports of a cluster of pneumonia cases of unidentified origin in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, the novel coronavirus that causes this disease severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread throughout the world, igniting the twenty-first centurys deadliest pandemic. March 16, . This makes it plausible that OC43 which is still circulating in humans, causing common colds was the causative agent of this pandemic. ONeill, L. A. J. 9 a.m.: The eye is about 40 miles (65 kilometers) from New Orleans and is expected to pass just to the east of the city. Then came the Indians and the Pilgrims. Prospective mapping of viral mutations that escape antibodies used to treat COVID-19. The storm's strongest winds are about 135 miles an hour (215 kilometers an hour). Nat. amstar nostalgia 49cc moped; land plane with scarifiers. Woodruff, M. C., Ramonell, R. P., Lee, F. E.-H. & Sanz, I. Clinically identifiable autoreactivity is common in severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. 384, 2030 (2020). Its strongest winds are blowing at about 40 miles an hour (65 kilometers an hour). She was clearly thinking about where the Pilgrims fit in the sequence of people in world history. The storm's top winds are 80 miles an hour (130 kilometers an hour). Luxembourg is occupied on May 10; the Netherlands surrenders on May 14; and Belgium surrenders on May 28. The other three endemic coronaviruses in humans NL63, 229E (both alphacoronaviruses) and HKU1 (betacoronavirus) are speculated to also be of zoonotic origin161.
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