micrococcus luteus biochemical tests
Figure 1. Gram Stain:Gram-positive cocci, arranged in clusters that differ from Staphylococcus. The modified oxidase reagent is prepared as tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine in certified grade dimethyl sulfoxide. You can change these settings at any time, but that may impair functionality on our websites. Micrococci have been isolated from the human skin, animal and dairy products, and in beer. Baird-Parker, A. c.: A classification of micrococci and staphylococci based on physiological and biochemical tests. In the last control, agar-agar was inoculated with 1 mL of M. luteus washed live cells and incubated for 24 h at 37 C. Only the Micrococcus luteus species contained cytochrome c oxidase. Bassis CM, AL Tang, VB Young, and MA Pynnonen (2014). Most of the Micrococcus infections are discovered through the process of elimination along with the presence of the abundant Micrococcus tetrads in the lesions or cysts. The results of these tests provide a biochemical profile, or "fingerprint," that can be used to classify or even identify the bacterial species. For the detection of oxidase enzyme, filter paper circular disks impregnated with tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride in dimethyl sulfoxide are used. It grew in circular, entire, convex and creamy yellow pigmented colonies heaving 0.5-2.5 diameter. Filter paper disks impregnated with tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride (oxidase reagent) in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) are used. About half of the Micrococcus luteus gram stain was found to carry plasmids of about one to 100MDa in size. Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus spp. Coagulase, which is an enzyme involved in the conversion of serum fibrinogen to fibrin, causes the clotting of plasma. They are positive for catalase and oxidase ( modified). In order to determine physiological characteristics of the culture such as cell shape, arrangement, and whether it was gram positive or negative, which helps determine the cell wall type of the microbe, I performed a gram stain. The differentiation is based on the detection of the oxidase enzymes. The nasal cavity microbiome primarily consists of the phyla Actinobacteria, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria (Bassis et al. As mentioned, the type of hemolytic reaction produced on sBAP is a major clue toward the identification of the genus. Sarah D. Perkins., Government of Canada, Public Health Agency of Canada. Most of these are mesophiles; some, like Micrococcus antarcticus which is found in Antarctica, are psychrophiles. Micrococcus luteus is another gram-positive coccus that also is catalase positive. The Bacterial Genomic DNA Isolation Kit provides convenient and simple step-by-step method for isolating quality genomic DNA from gram-negative and gram-positive bacterial species. Defining characteristics of Micrococcus are the ability to aerobically produce acid from glucose glycerol, aesculin hydrolysis, arginine dihydrolase, major pigment production, motility, and conversion of nitrate to nitrite. Based on the place of origin of the bacterium that I isolated, I hypothesize that it will either be one of the above bacterium or a similar water loving organism, likely one that also forms a biofilm. They have a respiratory metabolism, often producing little or no acid from carbohydrates, and are usually halotolerant, growing in 5% NaCl. They grow in circular, entire, convex, and usually non-pigmented or cream white colonies with diameters of approximately 4 mm after 2-3 days on the plate at 37C. In the presence of atmospheric oxygen, the oxidase enzyme reacts with the oxidase reagent and cytochrome C to form the coloured compound, indophenol indicated as blue or purplish-blue colouration on the disc after the introduction of the bacterial colony on the disc. These residential skin organisms are also fairly ubiquitous in the environment. They are fairly small as well, usually about a millimeter in diameter and of a normal height. Micrococcus luteus are Gram-positive cocci mostly arranged in tetrads and larger than Staphylococcus. Label the slide with the name of the organism; Place 15 - 20 uL of the culture in the middle of the slide The two unifying characteristics of these four families are their coccoid shape and the fact that they stain purple in the Grams method for visualizing bacteria microscopically. Micrococci are usually not pathogenic. The configurations are the result of the plane of cellular division exhibited by the organism. The kaiju metagenome binning shows that the microbe sample is not completely pure (Figure 2). Micrococcaceae. Cultures:- Nutrient broth cultures of Micrococcus luteus and Proteus vulgaris (young cultures) Procedure: Wet Mount Preparation . Catalase, if present, will break down the hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen. Micrococcus luteus is found in lots of places including skin, soil, dust, water, air, mouth, mucosae, oropharynx, and upper respiratory tract of humans (Wikipedia, Micrococcus luteus, 2019). Most of the bacterium in the gram stains were gram negative, but a significant amount, about twenty percent, showed up as gram positive. November 27, 2021 at 9:14 AM Hi sir, why Macrococcus and Micrococcus will not ferment . Therefore I used this as my location to take my environmental sample from. When looking at the genetic tests, most of the identified strains in the Korona test are Micrococcus luteus. Kaiju webserver metagenome binning analysis chart. In future works with this microbe, I probably would want to purify the culture more and redo the tests. Abstract: Gliotoxin, an epipolythiodioxopiperazine, is a fungal metabolite that causes genomic DNA degradation preferentially in certain blood cell types including T lymphocytes and macrophages. 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Habitat Micrococcus lives in a wide range of environments such as water, soil, and the dust whereas, Staphylococcus lives in the animal body. Typical colonies are often described as gray to white, moist or glistening. Micrococcus, genus of spherical bacteria in the family Micrococcaceae that is widely disseminated in nature. The bacterium also colonizes the mouth, mucosae, oropharynx, and upper respiratory tract. Micrococcus is a genus of bacteria that is present in the Micrococcaceae family. Hybridization studies show that there is no close genetic relationship between the species of Micrococcus bacteria. Optimum growth temperature is 25-37 C. They grow in circular, entire, convex, and creamy yellow-pigmented colonies with diameters of approximately 4 mm after 2-3 days at 37C. Micrococcus luteus is a Gram-positive to Gram-variable, nonmotile, tetrad-arranging, pigmented, saprotrophic coccus bacterium in the family Micrococcaceae. They can be found in boiling hot springs; they can be found in frigid waters in the artic. The bubbling reaction is almost immediate and distinct in appearance. Although the Micrococcus rarely causes infections or problems in the body, with the compromised immune systems, it has been known to get certain skin infections that are caused by Micrococcus luteus. The tests that did not agree were most likely from not having an active colony used in the experiment, such as the oxidase test being negative or the API 20 E test strip showing that the isolate did not reduce nitrate, which it does, referencing Medical Laboratories. The typical microscopic morphology of the Gram-positive cocci when using the Grams stain is represented in these three images. Growth or weak growth is observed at 45C, at pH 10, and in the presence of 10% sodium chloride (NaCl). Figure 2. In conclusion, some of my results were inconclusive and conflicting. I also hypothesize that it will be an aerobic organism, given that I found it in a well aerated environment and it has survived until I cultured it. It is essential for differentiating catalase-positive Micrococcaceae from catalase-negative Streptococcaceae. Though not a spore former, the Micrococcus cells can survive for an extended period of time, both at refrigeration temperatures and in nutrient-poor conditions such as sealed in amber. From: Infectious Diseases (Third Edition), 2010 View all Topics About this page // This can occur due to the presence of a reduced number of, Most of the Micrococcus infections are discovered through the process of elimination along with the presence of the abundant Micrococcus tetrads in the lesions or cysts. My goal in this experiment was to isolate, characterize and identify a bacterial colony that arose from a sample taken from my roommates nose. They are found in many other places in the environment, including dust, water, and soil. Micrococci can grow well in environments with little water or high salt concentrations, including sportswear that is made with synthetic fabrics. The catalase test tests to see if the microbe contains catalase. With this almost universal range of survivable living conditions that microbes can live in (particularly bacteria), it would be reasonable to assume that there would be at least one variety living in such a nice, wet, and aerated place as my shower drain. (2019, April 4). In the presence of atmospheric oxygen, the oxidase enzyme reacts with the oxidase reagent and cytochrome C to form the coloured compound, indophenol indicated as blue or purplish-blue colouration on the disc after the introduction of the bacterial colony on the disc. Rawis M, and AK Ellis (2019). Make a tape label writing the color dot, your name, and the name of the media. The catalase test did return positive by bubbling, indicating that it does have the ability to break down the radical hydrogen peroxide into diatomic oxygen and hydrogen. Micrococci may be distinguished from staphylococci by a modified oxidase test as shown below-. The Micrococcus strains isolated from various infections were most probably misclassified as staphylococci. This microbe forms large, round colonies. Another set of tests that I performed were physiological tests, including testing for oxygen class with fluid thyoglycate, checking for catalase using hydrogen peroxide, checking for cytochrome c oxidase using oxidase test strips, and using an API 20 E test strip to test for various different physiological traits such as Sulphur reduction, which had 20 different tests. Like all Staphylococci, S. saprophyticus is also clustering Gram-positive cocci, nonmotile, non-spore-forming, and . [1] It is urease and catalase positive. M. luteus present on the human skin can transform compounds present in sweat into compounds with an unpleasant odour. The modified oxidase reagent is prepared as tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine in certified grade dimethyl sulfoxide. They are considered as normal comensal of human skin and upper respiratory tract. It is essential for differentiating catalase-positive Micrococcaceae from catalase-negative Streptococcaceae. What are the Uses of Micrococcus Gram Stain? The colony forms as a yellow, shiny round blob. M. lylae can be distinguished from the closely related species Micrococcus luteus by lysozyme susceptibility, genetic composition, and the type of cell-wall peptidoglycan. This is in agreement with a study by Mohana et al., (2013) who reported that the carotenoid pigments had antioxidant properties of Micrococcus luteus was reported at IC50 of 4.5mg/ml, also the . The microbiome of the nasal cavity can also change in response to environmental factors such as geographic location, and hygiene (Rawis et al. Those are extremely toxic because they are powerful oxidizing agents and destroy cellular constituents very rapidly. There are 3 biovars of this organismand they possess quite diverse chemotaxonomic features with respect to their menaquinone systems, cell-wall compositions, and Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy patterns, as well as biochemical properties. It is an aerobic exopolysaccharide producing bacteria that may be found on the skin, mouth and sometimes in the throat of mammals 13,14. The categorization of the Gram-positive cocci based on their possession of the enzyme catalase, a quality which can be easily assayed in the lab. Krona chart of microbe shows bacterial classes thought to be present in the sample. Micrococcus spp. Table 1: Graph from Korona showing the percent reads of each organism, and to which taxonomic level. M. luteus oxidize carbohydrates to form carbon dioxide and water, and it does not produce acid from the glucose as well as it does not make arginine dihydrolase or b-galactosidase. This simple-to-perform test categorizes the Gram-positive cocci as either catalase producers (+) or non-producers (-). Micrococcus luteus is generally harmless but can become an opportunistic pathogen in immunocompromised people or those with indwelling catheters. All pathogenic strains of S. aureus are coagulase positive whereas the nonpathogenic species (S. epidermidis for example) are coagulase negative. M. luteus is the majority of reads on the species level. Many of the tests did line up with M. luteus though, such as the fluid thyoglycate test, which showed that it was an obligate aerobe. SUMMARY: 1250 Gram-positive and catalase-positive cocci were isolated from bacon, pig and human skin and dust, and their morphology, physiology and biochemical characters examined. Some Micrococcus are pigmented bacteria; for example, M. luteus produces yellow colonies and M. roseus produces redish colonies. They are found in soil, dust, water and air, and as part of the normal microbiota of skin. A summary table is included which lists the results of the identification criteria discussed in the tutorial. Beta-hemolysis is a defining characteristic of Staphylococcus aureus and a certain streptococci. This matches up with the PATRIC metagenome binning which also showed some impurities (Figure 1). The confidence on that reading is decently confident, evidenced by the blue coloring. See answer (1) best answer. all 3 tests done w/SIM deeps just add Kovac's reagent for Indole test Alcaligenes faecalis (left) - . Micrococcus is a spherical bacterium found on dead or decaying organic matter while Staphylococcus is a gram-positive bacterial genus that produces a bunch of grape-like bacterial clusters. The MacConkey agar is selective for gram-negative which is why my microbe didnt show much growth on it, and because it didnt change colors it means it didnt ferment the lactose. They are fairly ubiquitous in the environment, and are small (0.5 to 3.5 micrometers in diameter) and non-motile. Micrococcus luteus has been shown to survive in oligotrophic environments for extended periods of time. Streptococcus pneumoniae and a group of streptococci referred to as viridans (green) streptococci are examples of bacteria producing alpha-hemolysis. They are positive for catalase and oxidase ( modified). The colony morphology of being yellow, shiny and smooth line up perfectly with M. luteus (Public Health England). 2014). // The reactions of the four isolates indicated that they belonged to the species M. Zuteus (Kocur & Martinec, 1972). The staphylococci are characterized by the formation of clusters of many cocci. It has multiple antibiotic resistance genes including dihydropteroate synthase, glycerophosphoryl diester phosphodiesterase, and SSU ribosomal proteins. 1. They grow on simple media and their colonies are usually pigmented. I would hypothesise that because we clean our shower regularly, that most of the bacterium un the shower drain would come from people in my family taking a shower, and mostly be from the skin. . Included in the observation of the morphology of the colony is the effect that the bacterial growth has on the sheep erythrocytes in the agar medium. Micrococcus spp. Micrococci can often carry plasmids that provide the organism with useful traits. Ans: Although it is a harmless saprophyte, Micrococcus luteus can act as an opportunistic pathogen. The PYRA, PAL, LAP, RIB, ARA, MAN, and TRE tests came up as positive. It has survived for at least 34,000 to 170,000 years, as assessed by 16S rRNA analysis, and possibly much longer. Gram-positive organisms appear purple under the microscope as opposed to the other category of bacterial cell with its own unique cell wall, the Gram-negative rod or coccus, which stains red. A very important test in the categorization of the staphylococci is the coagulase test. Retrieved 22:17, April 16, 2019, from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Staphylococcus_aureus&oldid=890960280, Your email address will not be published. AACC uses cookies to ensure the best website experience. The fluid thioglycallate test showed that the bacteria was an obligate aerobe because the growth was concentrated at the top of the tube in the pink region. It shows that the sample contains bacteria from the Terrabacteria group. The Culture Collections represent deposits of cultures from world-wide sources. (2010) What are microbes? M. luteus causes odours in humans when breaking down the components of sweat. The colony morphology is the same as well, being round, shiny, and sort of flat (Medical Laboratories). The optimum growth temperature is 25-37C. Note the bright yellow, non-diffusable colony pigment which is a defining characteristic of M. luteus. While every effort is made to ensure details distributed by Culture Collections are accurate, Culture Collections cannot be held responsible for any inaccuracies in the data supplied. Intro: Microbes are everywhere, even in the most extreme environments and conditions. All three types of hemolytic reactions are represented on this slide. Micrococcus luteus was one of the early examples of novel codon usage,[5][6] which led to the conclusion that the genetic code is not static, but evolves. 1 Nevertheless they have been documented to be causative organisms in cases of bacteremia, endocarditis, ventriculitis, peritonitis, pneumonia, endophthalmitis, keratolysis and septic arthritis. This fits well with where I sampled my bacterium from, as a shower drain is a place where both dust and water would accumulate, along with residues of skin glands from showering. Wikipedia also says that Micrococcus luteus is an obligate aerobe, backing up what my results show (2019). They are fairly ubiquitous in the environment, and are small (0.5 to 3.5 micrometers in diameter) and non-motile. View Biochemical Tests Lab Report.docx from BIOL 240 at University of Alaska, Anchorage. Micrococci have Gram-positive types of spherical cells that are ranging from about 0.5 to three micrometres in diameter and typically they appear in tetrads. Exposure to these wavelengths of ultraviolet light has been correlated with an increased incidence of skin cancer, and scientists believe this pigment can be used to make a sunscreen that can protect against ultraviolet light.[9]. Klebsiella pneumoniae Micrococcus luteus Micrococcus roseus Proteus mirabilis Proteus vulgaris Pseudomonas aeruginosa Salmonella typhimurium Serratia marcescens Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus epidermidis Streptococcus . M. luteus tests positive for catalase, oxidase, utilization of D-glucose, sucrose and D-mannose, and has A2 type peptidoglycan that contains L-lysine as the diagnostic amino acid, MK-8 and MK-8 (H 2) are the major menaquinones (Stackebrandt et al. Subscribe to our e-mail newsletter to receive updates. Micrococcus luteus biochemical test result. The taxonomic assignment of this microbe was micrococcus luteus because it was the only bin that PATRIC gave. Some of the species of Micrococcus, such as M. luteus which is yellow in colour, and M. roseus which is red. Bacillus megaterium fermented sugars but didn't grow in the anaerobic area of the butt. The oxygen class of the microbe, obligate aerobe, matches up with the predictions I had made about it because the bacteria was originally sourced in a nostril. (2019, March 14). Catalase is an enzyme produced by the organism to neutralize the toxic effects of hydrogen peroxide in the environment of the cell. The laboratory assay is performed by mixing a sample of the bacterial colony with a drop(s) of hydrogen peroxide placed on a microscope slide. Although of low virulence, the germs may become more pathogenic in patients with impaired resistance, colonizing the surface of heart valves. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Notice that beta-hemolysis results in a total lysis or clearing of the agar in the area of colony growth. Each family of Gram-positive cocci has its own unique configuration. In this presentation, we will discuss the fundamentals of the primary identification of those microorganisms that are members of four main families of Gram-positive cocci, the Micrococcaceae, the Staphylococcaceae, the Streptococcaceae, and the Enterococcaceae. The previous classification of these organisms was much simpler; however, with the use of more advanced genetic sequencing methods, these gram-positive cocci have expanded into 4 separate families and their associated genera. They contain cytochromes and are resistant to lysostaphin. The pathogen, Staphylococcus aureus, is notably coagulase-positive while most other members of the family are coagulase-negative. They grow in circular, entire, convex, and creamy yellow-pigmented colonies with diameters of approximately 4 mm after 2-3 days at 37C. The staphylococci and micrococci are catalase producers while the streptococci, enterococci, and a variety of other Gram-positive cocci are catalase-negative. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Built with Enlightenment Theme and WordPress. Date: FEB.11.2016 M. luteus can also cause septic shocks in immuno-compromised people. Book a free counselling session. Biochemical Test and Identification of Staphylococcus aureus. 2023 Universe84a.com | All Rights Reserved, Blog: Microbiology and infectious disease, Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH) Test: Introduction, Result, Unit, Normal Range, Test Method, Clinical Significance, and Keynotes, Anti -TPO Antibody: Introduction, Test Result, Unit, Normal Range, Assaying Method, and Keynotes, HPV Genes detection using Real-Time PCR: Introduction, Principle, Test Requirements, Procedure, Result Interpretation and Keynotes, Microbiology Reporting Techniques: Introduction, List of Templates, and Keynotes, Acetamide Utilization Test: Introduction, Composition, Principle, Test Requirements, Procedure, Result-Interpretation, Limitations, and Keynotes, https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/887570/UK_SMI_ID_07i4.pdf, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrococcus_luteus, https://europepmc.org/article/med/14576986, https://www.ajicjournal.org/article/S0196-6553(13)01146-2/fulltext. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. The colonies are a pale, translucent yellow, and are shiny when looked at in the light. Micrococcus luteus (left) Alcaligenes faecalis (middle) Reduction of nitrate to nitrite to be used as a final electron acceptor/Nitrate reductase. Depend on Gram stain Test and Biochemical Test find four species of cellulolytic bacteria such as Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas diminuta, Micrococcus luteus and Plesiomonas shigelloides. Wikipedia contributors. The differentiation of the Gram-positive cocci encompasses 4 main exercises used to compare and contrast the characteristics of each family: These four tests will, as we shall see, allow for the differentiation of the families of organisms and will guide the laboratorian to other more definitive tests for the identification of the organism.
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