from the cape to cairo cartoon analysis
Source:Library of Congress. Please use: Dr. Beasleys Calendar to book appointment times. wotever 'll become of my ship-building monopoly, if that there Yankee is going to turn out boats like that right along? Louis Dalrymple,Puck, July 24, 1895. The Origins of the Boxer Uprising(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987). From the high to the low, by 1901 the collaboration between the two Anglo nations held a different fate for the globe. As the cartoon record of these turn-of-the-century years repeatedly demonstrates, moreover, it was taken for granted by the imperialists that the people on whom they were bestowing the light of civilization were literallyand often grotesquelyof various shades of darker complexion. In some cases, a surrogate (substitute image) is in: Puck, v. 52, no. Twains most celebrated anti-imperialist essay, To the Person Sitting in Darkness, was published in the February, 1901 issue of the North American Review. In an unprecedented alliance, the second expeditionary force was comprised of (from largest troop size to smallest) Japan, Russia, Great Britain, France, U.S., Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. As the military governor until May 1900, Otis inflated Filipino atrocities and prevented journalists, Red Cross officials, and soldiers from reporting American atrocities, though ghastly accounts slipped through. The campaign met with fierce resistance and saw the introduction of concentration camps as an extreme maneuver against the Boer defenders. 62, Issue 4,pp. In this activity, you will first analyze political cartoons about imperialism, and then create your own anti-imperialist cartoon. Caption: Though the process be costly, the road to progress must be cut. Uncle Sam breaks up a fight between students identified as Cuban Ex-Patriot and Guerilla in his New Class in the Art of Self-Government. The famous white-haired general, Mximo Gmez, a master of insurgency tactics in the Cuban Independence War (18951898) reads a book with his name on it. Newly conquered populations, described in the opening stanza as your new-caught, sullen peoples, half-devil and half-child would need sustained commitments to serve your captives needs.. In its final issue for 1899a time when the U.S. suppression of Filipino resistance was at its peakPuck turned to a feel-good holiday graphic to reaffirm this theme of the bounty promised to newly invaded countries and peoples. While the European powers favored Spain in the Spanish-American War, for example, neutral Britain backed the U.S. During the 1898 Battle of Manila Bay, British ships quietly reenforced the untried U.S. navy by blocking a squadron of eight German ships positioned to take advantage of the situation. color or tint (assuming the original has any), you can generally purchase a quality copy of Civilization and trade went hand in hand in turn-of-the-century imperialism. Skulls dot the landscape ahead in Lifes grim rendering. The War Prayer begins with a preacher praising the nations just and holy war, and leading his congregation in praying for victory. In May 1900, for example, artist William Bengough scathingly debunked a speech by President McKinleyonce again justifying the U.S. actions in taking of the Philippines by forceby depicting him as a parson standing on the face of a dead Filipino. Uncle Sam and President McKinley countered the assault under another American flag on which was inscribed Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness under treaty rights. The cartoon caption reflected Americas self-image as a reluctant civilizer: Is This Imperialism? This cartoon is a virtual poster, or an emblem, of the colonialist mentality of the day. Relatively free from European rivalries and well situated to become a transoceanic partner, the U.S. was courted for the role. From the Cape to Cairo / Keppler. Le Royaume-Uni (United Kingdom) Jean Veber,LAssiette au Beurre, September 28, 1901. The cartoon takes its title from Rudyard Kiplings poem The White Mans Burden. Published in February, 1899 in response to the annexation of the Philippines by the United States, the poem quickly became a famous endorsement of the civilizing missiona battle cry, full of heroic stoicism and self-sacrifice, offering moral justification for U.S. perseverance in its first major and unexpectedly prolonged overseas war. Copyright 1902 by Keppler & Schwarzmann. The caption is ominous: War on Earth. Business and government colluded with the military in silencing press coverage of the poor conditions suffered by American soldiers, including scandals around tainted supplies, and the grim realities of the Philippine-American War itselfcensorship that foreshadowed the broader excising of the unpleasant war from national memory. Twain went along, partly out of concern for his family, and The War Prayer was not published until 1916, six years after his death. In a striking Judge graphic, an Auto-Truck of Civilization and Trade lights a pathway through the darkness, leading with a gun and the message: Force if Necessary. Overladen with manufactured goods and modern technology, the vehicle is driven by a resolute Uncle Sam. Imperialism--British--1900-1910, - Mans Burden, in the caption to thisLifecover published shortly after Kiplings poem. Here, perfectly mythologized, is yet another graphic rendering of the mystique of Western civilization., Japan Makes her Dbut Under Columbias Auspices. Udo Keppler,Puck, August 16, 1899. Fears that China would descend into chaos and xenophobia justified intervention to safeguard the spread of modernity, civilization, and trade. Nishi, Masao - Institut Mirovogo Khoziastva I Mirovo Politiki (Kommunisticheskaia Akademiia) - Varga, Eugen. Orig. The caption reads: The Stranger: How long have you been civilized? Source:Library of Congress, In this 1902 cartoon, Britains Boer War and goals on the African continent are identified with the march of civilization and progress against barbarism. In the September 28, 1901 issue, artist Jean Veber excoriated the shameful subject of the concentration camps British forces used to weaken Boer resistance in the Anglo-Boer War of 18991902. BritanniaDaughter! Name: From the Cape to Cairo Material: Color offset lithograph Size: Unknown Date: 1898 Place of Origin: New York City Location: Unknown Source and Registration#: Created by Joseph Keppler John Woods Professor of Iranian and Central Asian History and of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations, The University of Chicago Alexander Barna available, often in the form of a digital image, a copy print, or microfilm. Photograph. (Some images display only as thumbnails outside When applied to people and cultures, the survival of the fittest doctrine gave wealthy, technologically-advanced countries not only the right to dominate backward nations, but an imperative and duty to bring them into the modern world. Stark images such as these helped make public a subject that was generally suppressed. The French caption mocks British hypocrisy in officially praising the humanitarian behavior of their armed forces. In many cases, the originals can be served in a few minutes. Source: Widener Library, Harvard University. Source: Widener Library, Harvard University. The U.S. is newly victorious in 1898 naval victories over the Spanish at Manila and Santiago de Cuba. In an 1895 Puck cartoon, A Rival Who Has Come to Stay, John Bull gapes while Uncle Sam proudly displays his prowess as Uncle Sam the Ship Builder. The U.S. Navy moved up from twelfth to fifth place in the world. https://www.loc.gov/item/2010652189/. The addition of an exclamation point in the caption, The White (!) Anthropomorphizing nations and concepts meant that in an 1899 cartoon captioned The White Mans Burden, the U.S., as Uncle Sam, could be shown trudging after Britains John Bull, his Anglo-Saxon partner, carrying non-white nationsdepicted in grotesque racist caricaturesuphill from the depths of barbarism to the heights of civilization. (doi:10.1093/cjip/pol005), Faunce, Rev. such as microfilm or copy prints? A cartoon published in May, 1899 over the caption And Peace Shall Rule offered a female angel of peace flying over a globe (turned to Asia and the Pacific) hoisted by John Bull and Uncle Sam. Brewer, Susan. Good Will to Nobody.Life, January 4, 1900, Source: Widener Library, Harvard University, UnlikePuckandJudge, Life was often highly critical of U.S. overseas expansion. The caption reference to harvest surely carried multiple meaning to many ofLifes American readers. Britannia, carrying a large white flag labeled "Civilization" with British soldiers and colonists behind her, advances on a horde of natives, one carrying a flag labeled "Barbarism." Illustration shows Britannia carrying a large white flag labeled "Civilization" with British soldiers and colonists behind her, advancing on a horde of natives, one carrying a flag labeled "Barbarism". As the golden goose, Chinas perceived mass market was to be protected for free trade against takeover by increasingly assertive foreign powers. Uncle Sam and his English cousin have the world between them. Here, the United States has ingested Cuba, Porto Rico, Hawaii, and the Philippines. N.Y.: J. Ottmann Lith. Though the Process Be Costly, The Road of Progress Must Be Cut," states that progress must be pursued despite suffering on both sides. What imperialist practices are you rallying against (taking of raw materials, manipulation of trade, colonialism, violence, etc.)? ), Is This Imperialism?: the Boxer Uprising. The language obviously resonated with the Kipling-esque imagery of white men bringing enlightenment to new-caught sullen peoples, half-devil and half-child. People of darkness was, moreover, a perception that missionaries (whom Twain excoriated) routinely applied to the heathen natives of non-Christian lands. Driven by competition with each other and economic pressures at home, the worlds major powers ventured to ever-distant lands to spread their religion, culture, power, and sources of profits. White man's burden--1900-1910, - From the C - ER9554 from Alamy's library of millions of high resolution stock photos, illustrations and vectors. Accusations of atrocities against civilians on the ten-day march to Beijing were made in first-hand accounts of the mission. The famous cartoon demonstrates Rhodes dream. 5 vols. In the U.S., despite spirited resistance from Anglophobic Irish immigrants and anti-imperialist leagues, overseas military campaigns gradually gained public support. Simultaneously, the war against Spain in Cuba and the Caribbean saw the U.S. seizure of Cubas Guantanamo Bay in June, giving the U.S. a naval base retained into the 21st century. She researches visual narrative and digital historiography using the visual historical record.This article was adapted from Visualizing Cultures. the Prints and Photographs Reading Room. 202-212 (September 2010). On the left, Minerva, goddess of wisdom and Western civilization, witnesses the debut. In this mocking Life cartoon, a Chinese man with an overturned Bible at his feet laughs ironically at how both the Bible and Uncle Sam relish scenes of slaughter. Wilhelm points ahead, where the inhabitants flee. Jones, Toby Craig. In some cases, a surrogate (substitute image) is Hawaii and Porto Rico are model female students. Source:Library of Congress, Left: John Bull gapes at a new American steamer. It allows prisoners to enjoy the view from the outside and have the illusion of freedom (Official Report to the War Office. Source: Widener Library, Harvard University, The barbarity of imperial war is displayed on a battlefield littered with dead soldiers of many nationalities that stretches from contemporary warshere, the Philippines and Transvaal (Boer War)back through time to Roman Wars. The sub-caption of this 1900 Judge cartoon once again asks the disturbing question: is civilization advancing?. American Imperialism (New York: Arno Press, 1970). a convenience, and may not be complete or accurate. When the Chinese man raises his sword, it is labeled barbarism, but when the French soldier does precisely the same thing it is a necessary blow for civilization.. Vol. Columbia and Uncle Sam pluck gifts from Our Christmas Tree, including law and order, technology, and education, for overseas territories Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Cuba, and the Philippines, condescendingly drawn as grateful children. In mid 1899, Life published this chilling view of the war in the Philippines that was to drag on for several more years. the original in color by citing the Call Number listed above and including the catalog Every week on Mon, Wed, until Dec 13, 2021, 33 occurrence(s), Join Zoom Meeting The expedition met with unexpectedly fierce opposition from Boxers and Qing dynasty troops and was forced to retreat. Think It Over: All this for politicsis civilization advancing?. XII, No. The caption, "From the Cape to Cairo. England has governed her colonies whether they consented or not. Expert Help. Edit. The Laureate of Empire.Raritan: A Quarterly Review. By contrast, with the exception of Sudan, the burden Britain bears reflects backward older cultures that look forward to civilization or back, condescendingly, at those people, cultures, and societies deemed even closer than they to barbarism. Both visually and textually, the white mans burden was steeped in derision of non-white, non-Western, non-Christian others. The graphics protesting U.S. actions in the Philippines were particularly biting, as seen in a page satirically titled Lucky Filipinos. Rising from the flames of a burning home, a skeletal apparition represents the hundreds of thousands of Filipinos killed in the U.S. campaign. All Missionaries and Converts Being Exterminated. Our Christmas Tree. Udo Keppler,Puck, December 27, 1899. Mott, Frank Luther. On February 15, 1898, the battleship U.S.S. Raising money to Save the Foreign Devils recurs in the visual record. Vuitton Travel & Luxury Lifestyle curates the Great North Road tour, a 22-day trek starting in Cape Town, taking guests from one natural and historic wonder to the next, and ending up in Cairo . (In the 1900 elections, Bryan ran on an anti-imperialist platform and was again defeated by McKinley.) How does the "Prelude to the Scramble" (Visual Source 18.1) differ from "From the Cape to Cairo" (Visual Source 18.3)?, 2. Dickinson State University. 1898 poster promotes the U.S.-British rapprochement as A Union in the Interest of Humanity Civilization, Freedom and Peace for All Time. Multiple representations symbolize the two Anglo nations: national symbols (the eagle and lion); flags (the Stars and Stripes and Union Jack); female personifications (Columbia and Britannia); male personifications (Uncle Sam and John Bull); and national coats of arms (eagle and shield for America; lion, unicorn, crown, and shield for Great Britain). Do the Access Advisory or Call Number fields above indicate that a non-digital surrogate exists, Postwar industrialization and the introduction of new commodities such as steel and electricity gradually transformed the agrarian nation. There should be no problem designing a flag for the conquered Philippines, he opined in drawing his biting essay to a close: we can have just our usual flag, with the white stripes painted black and the stars replaced by the skull and cross-bones.. - Embracing Technologies of Domination: The Rise of Popular Imperialism in the U.S., 1898-1904. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Communication Association, Dresden International Congress Centre, Dresden, Germany, Jun 16, 2006. ColumbiaMother! Louis Dalrymple,Puck, June 15, 1898. Privacy Policy, Letter from Theodore Roosevelt to Elbert F. Baldwin, https://www.theodorerooseveltcenter.org/Research/Digital-Library/Record?libID=o276287. The president of the First Philippine Republic, Emilio Aguinaldo, is portrayed as a barefoot savage, wild hair escaping from a dunce cap. The divine right of kingshere, Wilhelm II, Emperor of Germany as a pompous war lord mounted on a colossal cannonis intermingled with the divine mission of clergy, often the first Westerners allowed into foreign lands. This French cartoon eschews the romantic presentation in the preceding Puckgraphic and casts a far more cynical eye on Anglo-American expansion as fundamentally a matter of conquest. An exclamation point was added to the phrase, The White (!) Transatlantic dimensions of the American Anti-Imperialist Movement, 1899-1909.Journal of Transatlantic Studies. Overview; View 4 Editions Details; Reviews Lists; Related Books; Publish Date. 4, pp. Freedom and Peace for all Time. ca. In the final years of the Civil War, U.S. naval power was second only to the great seafaring empire of Great Britain. Life published many graphics that showed the humanitarian costs inflicted by war and political aggressiondespoliation, looting, concentration camps, torture, and genocideoften awkwardly interspersed amongst humorous sketches and domestic scenes. LC-DIG-ppmsca-25696 (digital file from original print). The black-and-white drawing by William H. Walker captured the harsh reality behind the ideal of benevolent assimilation, depicting imperialists Uncle Sam, John Bull, Kaiser Wilhelm, and, coming into view, a figure that probably represents France, as burdens carried by vanquished non-white peoples. A year later, Judge magazine published a two-page cartoon by Victor Gillam that sets the contemporary civilization versus barbarism debate against a grand panorama of historical carnage. The poem acknowledged the thanklessness of a task rewarded with The blame of those ye better, The hate of those ye guard and sentimentalized the savage wars of peace as self-sacrificial crusades undertaken for the greater good. N.Y.: J. Ottmann Lith. The conspicuously larger size of Britannias big guns in Pucks cartoon reflects Englands leading role in imperial conquest. Feng, Yongping, The Peaceful Transition of Power from the UK to the US.ChineseJournal of International Politics1 (1) pp. 'From the Cape to Cairo: Though the process be costly, the road of progress must be cut', cartoon depicting British colonialism as a civilising force - 1902 . Cohen, Paul A. The Cape to Cairo trip is a thrilling, unpredictable journey of over 6,200 miles and it is not for the faint of heart. Esherick, Joseph. The humanity of our soldiers is admirable and does not tire despite the ferocity of the Boers (Official Report to the War Office. A number of critical cartoons of the time addressed the unsavory behavior of the civilizers themselves, and the disparity between doctrine and actions. It would have been the largest and most important railway of that continent. AHistory of American Magazines. The U.S. entered the elite group of world powers with victories in the Spanish-American War (written in the clouds over the naval battle on the right). When a Chinese coolie strikes a French soldier the result is a public cry of Barbarity! But when a French soldier strikes a coolie, it's a necessary blow for civilization. Ren Georges Hermann-Paul,Le Cri de Paris, July 10, 1899. Kepplers cartoon reinforces what we have observed in Sam Keens commentary from Faces of the Enemy, that the theme of civilization versus barbarism is a recurring negative stereotype deployed in the dehumanization of a perceived hostile Other. The Manila Correspondent and the McKinley Censorship. George Benjamin Luts,The Verdict, August 21, 1899. - in: Puck, v. 52, no. John Bull, whose portliness stood for prosperity, has joined with Uncle Sam to swallow the globe. Explain the Sepoy rebellion and the reaction to this rebellion as detailed in the cartoon. Selling Empire: American Propaganda and War in the Philippines.TheAsia-Pacific Journal, Vol. Vebers series, Les Camps de Reconcentration au Transvaal, begins with the cover image Le Silence, in which a veiled woman holds her finger to her lips, standing over the remnants of what appears to be an electric fence and a plow that suggests the earth has been tilled to bury evidence. Source:Bibliothque nationale de France, In this cartoon from the French special issue on concentration camps in the Boer War, a gaunt Britannia is the only living creature in a vast graveyard for dead British soldiers. Purpose In this activity, you will analyze and then create cartoons about imperialism. Case Study: The Boxer WarThe Boxer Uprising.Online Encyclopediaof Mass Violence(July 23, 2008). From the Cape to Cairo / Keppler. Robert L. Gambone in his 2009 book, Life on the Press: The Popular Art and Illustrations of George Benjamin Luks, describes the cartoon as follows: The Way We Get Our War News (The Verdict, August 21, 1899, front cover) excoriates military press censorship, a supremely ironic development given the appeals to freedom used to justify the war. It is just to use every legitimate means for the enlargement of American trade; but we seek no advantages in the Orient which are not common to all. ), the Boer prisoners were gathered in large enclosures where, for the last 18 months, they found rest and quiet. A laughing missionary in the lead, blood-soaked soldiers of the Allied forces tread on the bodies of women and children while carrying severed heads on a pike. 3, pp. Co., Puck Bldg., 1902 December 10. Link to other styles, U.S. President - 1st Term (September 1901-February 1905), Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division. The March of the Strenuous Civilization. C. S. Taylor,Life, April 11, 1901. Der Traum der Kaiserin von China (The Dream of the Empress of China),Simplicissimus, July 3, 1900. a convenience, and may not be complete or accurate. Uncle Sam and John Bull, as fellow soldiers, survey the globe from a parapet. Misery Loves Company;but they hope soon to be out of it. Louis Dalrymple, Puck, March 20, 1901. Anthropomorphizing nations and concepts meant that in an 1899 cartoon captioned The White Mans Burden, the U.S., as Uncle Sam, could be shown trudging after Britains John Bull, his Anglo-Saxon partner, carrying non-white nationsdepicted in grotesque racist caricaturesuphill from the depths of barbarism to the heights of civilization. The Philippines are diminished as Only the Stepping-Stone that enables the U.S. to reach the eagerly anticipated China market. Although usually associated with the pro-expansionist proponents of civilization and progress, Puck on occasion turned a discerning eye on the double standards of Americas so-called noble mission in the Philippines and China. Jesus, In an 1899 cartoon, Ren Georges Hermann-Paul attacked the hypocrisy of spreading civilization by force by juxtaposing the words Barbarie and Civilisation beneath Chinese and French combatants who alternate as victor and victim. Families were burned out of their homes and imprisoned in concentration camps. In 1901, occupation forces roamed the countryside to pillage, loot, and hunt for Boxers. This was followed by the invasion and takeover of Puerto Rico. The racism and contempt for non-Western others that undergirds Kiplings famous poemand the civilizing mission in generalis unmistakable here. National Endowment for the Humanties. 1900) and starlight from a goddess of civilization. Keppler, U. J. The image exhibits a racist hierarchy that places a dominant white American male in the center, and on the fringes, an African-American washing the windows and Native-American reading a primer upside down. LC copy from Naimusho Keihokyoku censorship collection; classified as "annei" and banned.
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